Associations between particulate air pollutants and inflammatory markers, controlling for age, race, sex, body mass index, cholesterol, glycosylated haemoglobin, season and apparent temperature, among subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, by reported past smoking practices
| Pollutant | Exposure period | ICAM-1 (ng/ml), % change per IQR* | VCAM-1 (ng/ml), % change per IQR | vWF (proportion), % change per IQR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI | ||
| BC, black carbon; dma, day moving average; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IQR, interquartile range; PM2.5, particles <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, known as fine particles; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; vWF, von Willebrand factor. | |||||||
| *IQR of the pollutant for the exposure period under consideration. | |||||||
| For subjects who report smoking in the past (but not within 6 months) | |||||||
| PM2.5 | Lag 0 | 39 (0.9) | −9.56 to 12.66 | 39 (13.2) | −1.30 to 29.72 | 24 (19.23) | −24.29 to 87.77 |
| 2 dma | 39 (0.40) | −12.08 to 14.65 | 39 (18.4) | 0.69 to 39.33 | 24(19.92) | −29.65 to 104.41 | |
| 3 dma | 39 (1.34) | −9.23 to 13.14 | 39 (15.7) | 1.19 to 32.30 | 24 (29.54) | −17.24 to 102.76 | |
| 4 dma | 39 (2.29) | −6.84 to 12.30 | 39 (13.1) | 0.88 to 26.78 | 24 (41.98) | −6.95 to 116.63 | |
| 5 dma | 39 (1.09) | −8.30 to 11.44 | 39 (13.2) | 0.49 to 27.58 | 24 (44.05) | −1.23 to 110.07 | |
| 6 dma | 39 (3.08) | −6.30 to 13.40 | 39 (16.2) | 3.76 to 30.10 | 24 (50.39) | 9.35 to 106.82 | |
| BC | Lag 0 | 39 (5.09) | −2.37 to 13.11 | 39(12.4) | 2.77 to 22.92 | 24 (7.63) | −17.01 to 39.58 |
| 2 dma | 39 (3.97) | −10.24 to 20.42 | 39 (28.5) | 8.38 to 52.24 | 24 (37.64) | −7.18 to 104.10 | |
| 3 dma | 39 (5.10) | −10.17 to 22.96 | 39 (25.14) | 3.50 to 51.30 | 24 (75.41) | 6.16 to 189.85 | |
| 4 dma | 39 (8.38) | −6.46 to 25.56 | 39 (23.1) | 2.70 to 47.58 | 24 (72.05) | −3.34 to 206.22 | |
| 5 dma | 39 (10.09) | −7.36 to 30.83 | 39 (32.0) | 7.29 to 62.30 | 24 (73.14) | 6.94 to 180.32 | |
| 6 dma | 39 (10.58) | −5.34 to 29.18 | 39 (31.8) | 9.74 to 58.26 | 24 (71.23) | 14.00 to 157.19 | |
| Sulphate | Lag 0 | 16 (−4.00) | −24.79 to 22.52 | 16 (0.07) | −23.40 to 30.73 | Sulphate measurements not available on days when blood was taken and assayed for vWF | |
| 2 dma | 17 (−4.82) | −18.01 to 10.48 | 17 (−5.62) | −20.77 to 12.43 | |||
| 3 dma | 17 (−7.19) | −23.66 to 12.83 | 14 (−26.92) | −33.31 to −19.91 | |||
| 4 dma | 16 (−9.8) | −27.96 to 12.97 | 16 (−3.06) | −28.01 to 30.56 | |||
| 5 dma | 17 (−10.4) | −29.92 to 14.44 | 17 (−6.42) | −30.75 to 26.47 | |||
| 6 dma | 17 (−6.8) | −25.72 to 17.03 | 17 (−6.46) | −28.55 to 22.47 | |||
| For subjects who did not report smoking in the past | |||||||
| PM2.5 | Lag 0 | 53 (0.46) | −8.23 to 9.97 | 53 (−3.12) | −12.41 to 7.17 | 14 (−14.21) | −53.20 to 57.24 |
| 2 dma | 53 (1.37) | −7.96 to 11.65 | 53 (−0.34) | −10.57 to 11.05 | 14 (−20.66) | −63.14 to 70.77 | |
| 3 dma | 53 (−0.96) | −10.01 to 9.00 | 53 (−1.09) | −11.15 to 10.12 | 14 (−28.89) | −68.43 to 60.19 | |
| 4 dma | 53 (−1.34) | −10.35 to 8.58 | 53 (−0.81) | −10.91 to 10.43 | 14 (−23.51) | −55.11 to 30.34 | |
| 5 dma | 53 (−0.87) | −10.17 to 9.40 | 53 (2.07) | −8.59 to 13.96 | 14 (−29.18) | −60.08 to 25.66 | |
| 6 dma | 53 (−1.78) | −10.64 to 7.94 | 53 (4.89) | −5.56 to 16.50 | 14 (−30.68) | −55.95 to 9.08 | |
| BC | Lag 0 | 53 (5.77) | −3.92 to 16.44 | 53 (5.15) | −5.63 to 17.17 | 14 (10.22) | −23.14 to 58.04 |
| 2 dma | 53 (2.39) | −7.65 to 13.52 | 53 (2.09) | −9.07 to 14.61 | 14 (17.07) | −18.86 to 68.91 | |
| 3 dma | 53 (0.84) | −8.16 to 10.73 | 53 (3.90) | −6.38 to 15.31 | 14 (6.56) | −42.75 to 98.36 | |
| 4 dma | 53 (1.67) | −6.71 to 10.80 | 53 (4.92) | −4.63 to 15.43 | 14 (−9.20) | −65.79 to 140.99 | |
| 5 dma | 53 (1.55) | −6.46 to 10.24 | 53 (7.89) | −1.31 to 17.95 | 14 (−23.86) | −71.05 to 100.29 | |
| 6 dma | 53 (2.20) | −6.47 to 11.68 | 53 (10.97) | 0.98 to 21.96 | 14 (−48.69) | −77.75 to 18.29 | |
| Sulphate | Lag 0 | 42 (6.67) | −4.34 to 18.94 | 42 (−3.28) | −12.66 to 7.12 | Sulphate measurements not available on days when blood was taken and assayed for vWF | |
| 2 dma | 44 (5.65) | −4.67 to 17.10 | 44 (−3.17) | −11.75 to 6.23 | |||
| 3 dma | 44 (10.21) | −5.83 to 28.99 | 40 (−9.67) | −22.07 to 4.70 | |||
| 4 dma | 43 (0.80) | −9.94 to 12.83 | 43 (−5.51) | −14.28 to 4.15 | |||
| 5 dma | 44 (2.80) | −10.85 to 18.54 | 44 (−12.17) | −22.05 to −1.05 | |||
| 6 dma | 44 (5.15) | −7.78 to 19.89 | 44 (−11.77) | −20.95 to −1.52 | |||