Associations between particulate air pollutants and inflammatory markers, controlling for age, race, sex, past smoking, body mass index, cholesterol, glycosylated haemoglobin, season and apparent temperature, among subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and those not taking statins
| Pollutant | Exposure period | ICAM-1 (ng/ml), % change per IQR* | VCAM-1 (ng/ml), % change per IQR | vWF (proportion), % change per IQR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI | ||
| BC, black carbon; dma, day moving average; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IQR, interquartile range; PM2.5, particles <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, known as fine particles; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; vWF, von Willebrand factor. | |||||||
| *IQR of the pollutant for the exposure period under consideration. | |||||||
| For all subjects | |||||||
| PM2.5 | Lag 0 | 92 (2.87) | −4.63 to 10.95 | 92 (6.88) | −2.88 to 17.62 | 38 (15.16) | −9.79 to 47.01 |
| 2 dma | 92 (2.25) | −5.15 to 10.22 | 92 (8.18) | −1.43 to 18.72 | 38 (12.57) | −9.19 to 39.55 | |
| 3 dma | 92 (1.48) | −5.63 to 9.11 | 92 (6.92) | −1.66 to 16.25 | 38 (25.14) | −9.87 to 73.74 | |
| 4 dma | 92 (1.80) | −4.98 to 9.07 | 92 (6.46) | −1.16 to 14.66 | 38 (23.42) | −9.47 to 68.25 | |
| 5 dma | 92 (1.51) | −5.30 to 8.80 | 92 (8.57) | 0.05 to 17.80 | 38 (17.92) | −10.22 to 54.87 | |
| 6 dma | 92 (2.12) | −4.23 to 8.89 | 92 (11.76) | 3.48 to 20.70 | 38 (20.48) | −8.82 to 59.22 | |
| BC | Lag 0 | 92 (5.84) | 0.87 to 11.05 | 92 (9.26) | 2.98 to 15.91 | 38 (7.96) | −4.34 to 21.84 |
| 2 dma | 92 (5.08) | −2.34 to 13.07 | 92 (10.18) | 1.93 to 19.10 | 38 (14.87) | −2.85 to 35.82 | |
| 3 dma | 92 (4.44) | −2.70 to 12.11 | 92 (15.45) | 2.70 to 29.78 | 38 (15.34) | −3.22 to 37.45 | |
| 4 dma | 92 (5.02) | −1.78 to 12.29 | 92 (17.97) | 3.63 to 34.30 | 38 (15.47) | −7.60 to 44.31 | |
| 5 dma | 92 (5.89) | −2.14 to 14.58 | 92 (23.83) | 8.41 to 41.44 | 38 (19.50) | −8.89 to 56.74 | |
| 6 dma | 92 (6.73) | −1.54 to 15.70 | 92 (27.51) | 11.96 to 45.21 | 38 (20.53) | −9.80 to 61.05 | |
| Sulphate | Lag 0 | 59 (5.30) | −2.60 to 13.83 | 59 (−0.04) | −3.75 to 3.80 | Sulphate measurements not available on days when blood was taken and assayed for vWF | |
| 2 dma | 58 (4.02) | −3.26 to 11.85 | 58 (0.94) | −4.79 to 7.01 | |||
| 3 dma | 61 (4.03) | −5.34 to 14.34 | 61 (−0.87) | −3.50 to 1.82 | |||
| 4 dma | 61 (−0.79) | −7.30 to 6.18 | 61 (0.13) | −2.02 to 2.34 | |||
| 5 dma | 61 (1.06) | −7.10 to 9.93 | 61 (−0.47) | −2.67 to 1.78 | |||
| 6 dma | 61 (3.15) | −5.66 to 12.78 | 61 (−0.46) | −1.99 to 1.09 | |||
| For subjects not known to be taking statins | |||||||
| PM2.5 | Lag 0 | 73 (5.47) | −3.74 to 15.57 | 73 (10.26) | −0.64 to 22.35 | 32 (7.40) | −19.82 to 43.88 |
| 2 dma | 73 (5.70) | −3.70 to 16.01 | 73 (15.02) | 3.76 to 27.49 | 32 (7.10) | −19.09 to 41.76 | |
| 3 dma | 73 (4.57) | −4.31 to 14.27 | 73 (14.59) | 3.94 to 26.34 | 32 (10.78) | −17.92 to 49.52 | |
| 4 dma | 73 (4.57) | −4.27 to 14.23 | 73 (15.15) | 4.54 to 26.84 | 32 (11.61) | −16.64 to 49.42 | |
| 5 dma | 73 (3.80) | −4.84 to 13.22 | 73 (16.16) | 5.77 to 27.58 | 32 (9.15) | −20.32 to 49.53 | |
| 6 dma | 73 (3.79) | −4.49 to 12.80 | 73 (17.66) | 7.77 to 28.45 | 32 (7.91) | −20.70 to 46.85 | |
| BC | Lag 0 | 73 (6.04) | 0.87 to 11.48 | 73 (9.19) | 3.23 to 15.49 | 32 (3.23) | −8.91 to 17.00 |
| 2 dma | 73 (6.54) | −1.64 to 15.39 | 73 (14.64) | 5.02 to 25.14 | 32 (9.82) | −8.39 to 31.66 | |
| 3 dma | 73 (5.86) | −1.90 to 14.22 | 73 (14.39) | 5.30 to 24.28 | 32 (17.79) | −16.03 to 65.21 | |
| 4 dma | 73 (6.11) | −1.18 to 13.94 | 73 (14.19) | 5.71 to 23.36 | 32 (13.14) | −18.71 to 57.47 | |
| 5 dma | 73 (6.89) | −1.42 to 15.89 | 73 (19.11) | 9.44 to 29.65 | 32 (16.14) | −20.43 to 69.52 | |
| 6 dma | 73 (7.86) | −1.35 to 17.94 | 73 (22.60) | 11.79 to 34.45 | 32 (13.25) | −22.09 to 64.62 | |
| Sulphate | Lag 0 | 44 (10.14) | 0.44 to 20.77 | 44 (−1.34) | −11.23 to 9.66 | Sulphate measurements not available on days when blood was taken and assayed for vWF | |
| 2 dma | 46 (9.39) | −1.28 to 21.20 | 46 (−0.19) | −11.13 to 12.09 | |||
| 3 dma | 46 (10.93) | −2.23 to 25.85 | 41 (−2.84) | −13.90 to 9.64 | |||
| 4 dma | 44 (−0.24) | −9.66 to 10.16 | 44 (4.28) | −6.18 to 15.90 | |||
| 5 dma | 46 (4.03) | −8.66 to 18.47 | 46 (−0.26) | −13.44 to 14.93 | |||
| 6 dma | 46 (5.66) | −7.52 to 20.72 | 46 (−3.44) | −16.51 to 11.67 | |||